This chronology by can be accessed through ETHNIC
NEWS WATCH at your school or public library:

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 Ramsey Clark Pleads Clemency for Peltier
 by Trace DeMeyer
News From Indian Country

     Minneapolis, Minnesota

He once was the number one law enforcement officer for the United States
but now heads up the clemency effort of Leonard Peltier, convicted of two
counts of cold-blooded, pre-meditated murder according to prosecutors in
1976. Now everything has changed. The evidence that convicted Peltier
doesn't exist, and the prosecutor admits the government doesn't know who
killed two of its FBI agents.

"Every day is a new crime, every dawn is a new crime, every dusk is a
new crime against the dignity of the Indian peoples. Because while
Leonard Peltier is in prison, we all are,"Ramsey Clark said.

Journalists gathered for the Native American Journalists Association
(NAJA) conference held in Minneapolis, Minnesota June 18-21 were
asked to get the truth out about Leonard Peltier, serving two life
sentences, for his alleged participation in the murder of two FBI
agents on the Pine Ridge reservation in 1975.

Ramsey, former US Attorney General, spoke on behalf of Peltier June
20, along with defense attorney Larry Leventhal, and Ron Lessard of
the Peltier Freedom Committee.

Leventhal, a St. Paul attorney on the defense team, in a brief overview
of the case, pointed to false testimony made by government witnesses,
a recurring theme throughout his presentation.

Ramsey Clark, former Attorney General in President Lyndon Johnson's
administration said government misconduct in the case included a
prosecutor's admission in 1993 that authorities do not know who killed
the agents and did not prove that Peltier killed them. "I think I can
explain beyond serious doubt, that Leonard Peltier has committed no
crime whatsoever. But that if he had been guilty of firing a gun that
killed a FBI Agent, it was in defense of not just his people but the
integrity of humanity from domination and exploitation," Clark said.

By 1975, more than 40 people had died violent deaths on the reservation,
>from activity provoked by the federal government, Clark said in defense
of AIM's presence in Pine Ridge. "The GOONS were provided weapons,
training and motivation."

Ron Lessard, a lobbyist for Peltier in Washington, D.C., read a letter
written to NAJA from Peltier, focused on continuing pressure on
President Clinton and Congress on his behalf. "So much is happening,
yet the mainstream media often ignores our progress...Let us be an
example of conscience, a light in the world," Peltier's letter said.

Peltier acknowledged the efforts of Native American journalists, like
Paul DeMain of News from Indian Country and asked NAJA to keep his
name "strong in the heart of Indian Country." Peltier has been behind
bars for 22 years. With the court case and appeals process formally
closed, only one legal action is left, a presidential pardon.

Lessard gave instances of letters forwarded to the President from the
Dali Lama, Mother Teresa and many others, including Senator Ted
Kennedy (D-Mass.) According to Lessard, President Clinton is waiting
for a report from the U.S. Justice Department before he will act on
Peltier's request for clemency.

More work needs to be done, letters of support are needed, Lessard
said. Unless President Clinton grants Peltier's request for commutation,
Peltier will remain in federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas for the rest
of his life.

Government officials are keeping Peltier behind bars, "Because they have
staked their reputation on it," Clark said. He added that Peltier should
never been sent to prison in the first place.

"We have to demand that ...(clemency) happens," Ramsey Clark said in
closing. "Until Leonard Peltier's rights are respected, there can be no
peace in our hearts and our minds. For the good of indigenous people
everywhere, and all those who depend on them, which is everybody else,
it is imperative that we, you and

I, secure the freedom of Leonard Peltier."

FMI: Peltier Defense Committee, PO Box 583, Lawrence, KS 66044, (913)
842-5774. If you would like to call the White House to express your
support for clemency, call: (202) 456-1111.

Write to the President at The White House, Washington, D.C. 20500,
or e-mail:  president@whitehouse.gov

Presentation by Ramsey Clark
Former U.S. Attorney General
June 20, 1997
Native American Journalists
Association's Annual Conference
Minneapolis, Minnesota

I want to tell you why the freedom of Leonard Peltier is so important.
There are well over 200 million indigenous people on the planet. I
personally feel that there are over 300 million, but counters would say
maybe 250 million.

They live on six continents and on countless numbers of islands. And
everywhere they are the most endangered of human species. Yet the
survival of humanity depends upon their salvation.

They were the people who were there first. The others always came in
greater numbers and technology. Usually forced out by war, or lack of
adequate food, whatever, from cultures that had sophisticated means
of domination, the indigenous people every-where are a spiritual people.
I would think because they are close to nature. It's inherent really.
Where are they, but on the land, not like folks like me that started out
on the land in Texas and now live on the pavement in New York City.

What would we think of the species if it permitted the continuation of
the onslaught against indigenous peoples? Yet, where do you see
resistance? Where do you see understanding and commitment, to
more than their survival, to their prevailing?

In Guatemala, still 70% of the population is indigenous. Their renaissance
in their culture is stunning to see. But the repression of the people,
the systemic triage, literally the elimination of a third, by violence,
physical and psychological, hunger and all the rest, is stunning.

In Peru, the poverty of the indigenous people is unbearable. In many
places, they are just barely hanging on.

If in these United States, our Indian people cannot through vision and
courage and unity and compassion prevail, what hope any place on earth
is there for indigenous people?

This is it, for better or worse. Because whether it's evil or good, this
is the empire. Our duty, all of us, is to see that it is just and good
and it is imperative that we recognize the enormity of the crimes that
those who came from Europe have committed against those who Will
Rogers said were "at the dock to meet the Mayflower."

And if we fail, who would want to be a part of what's left? Because it
would be a genocidal society that had succeeded in its genocide, in the
extermination of not just a peoples, but of right and decency and justice.

Leonard Peltier is the symbol of the struggle. Outside of this country,
he is outside of movie stars and maybe a few athletes, like Mohammed Ali,
one of the best known Americans. And they see in him the struggle of our
indigenous people, for their dignity, for their sovereignty, for their
future. And they wonder how it is that he's been held so long?

I think I can explain beyond serious doubt, that Leonard Peltier has
committed no crime whatsoever. But that if he had been guilty of firing
a gun that killed a FBI Agent, it was in defense of not just his people
but the integrity of humanity, from domination and exploitation.

You have to remember no witness really said they saw Leonard take aim at
anybody. No witness said they heard him shoot at the time he could have
killed an agent. There was no evidence that he did it, except fabricated,
circumstantial evidence, overwhelmingly misused, concealed and perverted.

Among the things withheld in the trial were the staggering violence on
Pine Ridge, that it existed certainly before Wounded Knee #2 in 1973.
It had accelerated enormously.

At the time of Wounded Knee in 1973, there were only a few FBI agents in
the whole state of South Dakota, and frequently just one. But by 1975,
there were 60. In proportion to the population, that was staggeringly
high. And more than 40 Indian peoples on that reservation had died
violent deaths, overwhelmingly from activity provoked by the federal
government. And there is little doubt about it.

An organization that proudly called itself the GOONS, Guardians of the
Oglala Nation, we now know were provided with weapons, training and
motivation Ð to create violence.

In March of 1975, seven people were killed by violence. And that's why
the traditional people, the elders, asked AIM (the American Indian
Movement) to send some people to help protect them. And I say, thank
God.

That there was some young Indians that said "I'll go." "I'm not going to
see our people be eliminated by violence." Fewer than 17 came, six men,
and they came to protect tribal people, traditional Indians from
violence by our government.

These things are all interrelated. We should never forget Martin Luther
King's heartbreaking words in 1967, when he came out against the war in
Vietnam and he said, "The greatest purveyor of violence on earth is my
own government."

What an awful thing to have to say. But there is no question that our
own government was generating violence constantly on the Pine Ridge
reservation as a means of control and domination. We now know, from
December of 1995 (released documents), that FBI had people in place,
at least 20 minutes before the two cars that drove down into the Jumping
Bull compound arrived. They were preparing for a major act.

They had a judge who excluded background evidence. The greatest
exclusion was all of this violence. "Why were these men there? Why
was Leonard Peltier there?"

He was there to protect people who were being killed. If that's a crime,
where are we?

It's amazing to me still, how they talk about Myrtle Poor Bear, and
blame her for not telling the truth. Because after it was all over, some
agent came before the press and said "there's not a scintilla of evidence,"
his wordÐscintilla, not a spark of evidence "that Myrtle Poor Bear was a
witness to anything."

She wasn't there, that's what he said. Now do you think she just came
forward and volunteered three affidavits? Not on your life.

What did that poor woman go through? What type of abuse?

You can see that's the same sort of manipulation of a whole reservation
sometimes, can't you? Of a whole population. But here they've got their
hands on her head.

I have a retarded daughter. I love retarded people. Poor Bear was easy
to manipulate. She was not a coherent person. Her first affidavit said
she didn't see anything. And then two more, and what did they do when
they got them, whamee, off to Canada, as fast as they could go.

What a shameful act! What a criminal act!

Think of how they treated her. Where is any respect for humanity among
people who would treat a human being that way? And take advantage that
way, for an end, to get Leonard Peltier and bring him back here.

The other concealments that they went through are unbelievable. The
FBI laboratory is the subject of a whole series of reports that condemn
it for fabricating evidence, for falsifying evidence, for incompetence in
evaluation of evidence. Yet the extenuated nature of the only evidence
against Leonard Peltier is so absurd that if it were a good laboratory,
it wouldn't be worth anything.

They covered up lab reports that said they could not connect the one
bullet, it wasn't the bullet but the casing, an expended casing, they
could not connect it with what was called the "Wichita AR-15." It's an
adaptation of the standard Army M-16 rifle. They said they could not
match it with the Wichita gun or rifle, which was the gun they were
trying to place in Leonard Peltier's hands, except it was found in the
van that blew up just outside of Wichita, as it was driving down there.

And Leonard Peltier wasn't within 1500 miles of it. So how does that get
to be his rifle in the first place? Well, they had a plan for that. The
FBI said there was only one AR-15 rifle on the reservation. But that was
absolutely false. And the courts have now declared, without question,
that there were multiple numbers of AR-15s there, and M-16s as well,
which fire the same 223 cartridge, which is a high velocity cartridge
that killed these FBI agents.

They reenacted a scene for which they had no evidence whatsoever, in
which Lynn Crooks, the main prosecutor who is still with the case, stood
up in front of the jury and said one agent was suffering from having
been hit at a distance and he put his hand in front of his head and
pleaded not to be shot and was shot through the hand and killed by
Leonard Peltier who then whirled and shot the other agent and killed
him, both at point blank range.

The only problem was there was absolutely no evidence of that, no
witness testified to anything like that.

And you know what he said, across the river here in St. Paul, on Nov.
12, 1993, from the man who was on the case as a prosecutor from the
beginning, and is still on it, "We do not know who shot the two agents."
That's a quote. "We do not know who shot the two agents." Leonard
Peltier is in prison, and been there 22 years. He's there, convicted on
two counts of murder, and he's serving two life sentences.

And the government has said, "We do not know who did it," and he went
beyond that and said, "We did not prove who did it." And he went beyond
that and said, "All we proved was that he participated."

Well, Leonard was on the compound, there is no doubt about that. And he
was down at Tent City when the shooting started. And he pulled on his
boots and grabbed a rifle and ran up there as fast as he could. He ran
straight to Harry Jumping Bulls house. Because those are the people he's
trying to protect. They weren't there. He could hear children in another
house and he ran over there, people shooting at him the whole way.

When he got there he realized, he was drawing fire. The best thing he
could do to protect the kids was "how's he going to get them out of
there," you can't even tell where all the shooting's coming from. So he
took a chance on getting out by himself again, telling the kids to get
under the bed and stay there, because he wasn't going to draw fire to
that house. They were shooting at the house, once they saw him run in
there. You know you could on like that for a long time, with all of the
evidence that wasn't there.

They have nothing except hatred and the desire to maintain the
domination of the federal government that's existed over the Indian
people for these too many dishonorable centuries now. To hold Leonard
Peltier.

And the government itself, let me say one thing about their statement
that they do not know who killed the agents. It's not a mistake. And
it's not a confession. It was a necessity. Because in that appellate
argument, if they had maintained that they had proven who the assassin of
those two FBI agents was, there would have to be a reversal because there
was no evidence of it. So they had to maintain the argument that he was
convicted for aiding and abetting. Which means he was aiding them, like
"can I hold your coat," or "your shoes are dusty. Let me brush them off."

It was a legal necessity, but you can't have it both ways. And the fact
is, they didn't have to tell us they didn't know who shot the agents.
The whole record shows they don't know who shot the agents. And they
don't want anybody else to know. Because they want the world to believe
that Leonard Peltier is guilty. Because they have staked their reputation
on it.

If we can't rise up and free him, what are we worth and what is the
future of the country?

The Indians of Mexico are incredible, like the Zapotec's, with their art.
Leonard is a wonderful artist. He is a great human spirit. When I look
at his paintings of Big Mountain Lady, as he calls her, you can see the
nobility of his soul. Here is this elder woman, tears streaming down her
face, as the US is opening the spiritual land of Big Mountain to mining.
Come in there and rape the land, you know, for gravel, or whatever it is
you want. Don't worry about nature or nature's people.

Leonard's paintings are on four continents to my knowledge. I bet
they're on six, but I'm not sure. It's takes time to catch up with
people trading them.

It's part of his power. He is able to communicate through his art, his
painting Ð the truth and life and the spirituality of the Indian people.
And he is in prison.

And sadly, I have to comment as his lawyer, that his health is not good.
He needs surgery and he doesn't want it, because when he first when in
for this same surgery, he nearly died. He had to have six transfusions.
Unbelievable. Other problems, he's been in much too long. It's not that
he ought to be out now, he should never have been in in the first place.
Never.

And every day is a new crime, every dawn is a new crime, every dusk is a
new crime against the dignity of the Indian peoples. Because while
Leonard Peltier is in prison, we all are.

The President of the United States can commute that sentence in the name
of justice any moment he wants to. He has the power, complete and
absolute, under the Constitution.

Leonard really wants the commutation, because that conviction is just a
trial, an acquittal is just a trial. Release from a pardon board after a
conviction is just what some bureaucrats decide to do with your life.
But a commutation is a statement from the Head of State, that this
person should be free.

It's a political statement from the highest office of our government
that this person should be free, and we have to demand that it happens
and we have to demand that it happens this year. It can happen this year,
if we organize and work. It will happen this year. It's imperative that
we do it.

And while we don't, we ought to remember back to Benito Juarez, a
full-blooded Zapotec Indian, who twice became the president of Mexico,
and whose words are inscribed just outside the general assembly of the
United Nations chamber's auditorium, inside the UN building. Juarez
found the wisdom and understanding in a few words the story of violence
in our history. He said, "A respect for the rights of others is peace."

It's true. Until Leonard Peltier's rights are respected, there can be no
peace in our hearts and our minds, or if we have courage, in our bodies.

For the good of indigenous people everywhere, and all those who depend
on them, which is everybody else, it is imperative that we, you and I,
secure the freedom of Leonard Peltier.

Thank you.
 

  Peltier: Birth to Leavenworth

 A Highlighted Chronology of Leonard Peltier
>from 1944 to the present by Richard La Course

This chronology by can be accessed through  ETHNIC NEWS
WATCH at your school or public library:  NFIC Mid April, 1997

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Sept. 12, 1944
Leonard James Peltier born on Sept. 12, 1944 to Leo and Alvina Reabeduex
in Grand Forks, and raised in North Dakota. He moved with his parents to
copper mines and to logging camps.

His parents separated and he entered Wahpeton Indian Boarding School in
Wahpeton, ND. He returned to live with his mother in Grand Forks, and at
14 moved on his own to find work.

He moved to Washington state where he joined the fishing rights conflict
in the 1960s and in 1964 became part owner of an auto body shop in
Seattle.

1964
He was married to Sandy Martinez.

1968
Divorced in 1968 in Grand Forks, ND.

March 8, 1970
He participated in the Fort Lawton, Oregon occupation in 1970 and joined
(AIM) American Indian Movement that year.

He moved to the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota and became a
fundraiser for AIM, working closely with Dennis Banks.

1972
Moved to Milwaukee, WI in 1972. Helped organize Milwaukee caravan for
Trail of Broken Treaties from and returning to Milwaukee.

Nov. 22, 1972
Arrested in Milwaukee, WI on charge of attempted murder after restaurant
problems with off-duty officers. Held for several months at high bail.

1973
Wounded Knee occupation of 1973. In October of 1973 he returned to
Seattle.

Aug. 9, 1974
Peltier was the subject of a complaint filed by a Special Agent in
Milwaukee, WI on Aug. 9, 1974 in U.S. District Court before U.S.
Magistrate John C. McBride. The court issued a warrant to the U.S.
Marshal's Office in Milwaukee. The FBI sheet said Peltier could be
charged with violation of Title 18, Sec. 1073, U.S. Code, Attempted
Murder.

March, 1975
He returned to the Pine Ridge Reservation in March of 1975, lived first
at Oglala, then at the Harry Jumping Bull compound.

June, 1975
Attended AIM convention in Farmington, NM. Brought four young Navajo
teenagers back to Jumping Bull.

June 26, 1975
Was involved in June 26, 1975 shootout in which two FBI agents, Jack
Coler and Ronald Williams, and AIM member Joe Stuntz were killed.
Concealed at Crow Dog's Paradise, Rosebud Reservation until early
September.

Sept. 10, 1975
Explosion of AIM car on Kansas Turnpike, AR-15 rifle recovered by BATF
and taken to FBI Laboratory.

Oct. 2, 1975
FBI teletype says AR-15 "contains different firing pin than that in
rifle used at the Jumping Bull scene."

Oct. 31, 1975
FBI Laboratory reports none of casings recovered at Jumping Bull match
AR-15 recovered on Kansas Turnpike.

November, 1975
Two FBI informers advise Peltier in hiding on Port Madison Reservation
in Washington State.

Nov. 14, 1975
Involved in the Ontario incident in late 1975, wounded and fled to
Smallboy's Reserve in Alberta through Indian underground.

Nov. 25, 1975
Peltier, Robideau, Butler and Eagle indicted in FBI agents' deaths.

Feb. 6, 1976
Arrested by RCMP at Smallboy's Reserve in southwest Alberta with Frank
Black Horse. Taken to Calgary, Alta., then Okalla Prison in Vancouver, B.C.

Feb. 10, 1976
FBI Lab reports for first time match between Wichita AR-15 and .223
casing found in trunk of Coler's car.

Feb. 19, 1976
First Poor Bear affidavit.

Feb. 23, 1976
Second Poor Bear affidavit.

March 31, 1976
Third Poor Bear affidavit.

May 3, 1976
Extradition hearing opens before Canadian Justice W.A. Schultz.

May 11, 1976
Poor Bear affidavits presented to Canadian court for extradition to U.S.

June 18, 1976
Judge Schultz rules U.S. government has presented sufficient evidence to
warrant extradition.

Dec. 20, 1976
Basford signs extradition order; Peltier extradited by Canadian
government to Fargo, ND.

Spring, 1977
Leonard Peltier Defense Committee established in Rapid City, SD.

Mar. 14-April 18, 1977
Brought to trial in 1977 in Fargo, ND before Federal Judge Paul Benson
on two charges of first degree murder and convicted by jury after five
hours deliberation of aiding and abetting in agents' deaths.

June 1, 1977
Peltier sentenced to two life terms at Marion, IL.

December, 1977
Peltier appeal opens with oral argument before three-judge panel in St.
Louis, MO.

Feb., 1978
Milwaukee trial follows on attempted murder charges. Peltier wins
acquittal after off-duty policeman's former girlfriend testifies he
bragged earlier he was going to "bag" a prominent AIM leader.

April 12, 1978
Circuit Court of appeals refuses to grant appeal.

May 12, 1978
Robert Wilson (Standing Deer) transferred to Marion and asked to
cooperate in unspecified operation to "remove" Peltier. He discloses
offer to Peltier.

Sept. 14, 1978
8th Circuit Court of Appeals upholds 1977 conviction.

February, 1979
Peltier transferred to Lompoc Prison in California.

March 5, 1979
U.S. Supreme Court refuses review of Peltier appellate decision.

May 10, 1979
Charles Richards enters Leavenworth en route to Lompoc. Rumored to be
second assassin.

July 20, 1979
Peltier, Bobby Garcia and Dallas Thundershield escape from Lompoc.
Thundershield shot and killed, Garcia seized, Peltier escapes.

July 25, 1979
Peltier recaptured by FBI agents.

Nov. 14, 1979
Peltier's escape trial before Judge Lawrence Lydick in Los Angeles,
lasting two months. Peltier says he escaped to save his own life. Lydick
prohibits assassination theory testimony.

Jan. 20, 1980
Convicted by jury of escape and being felon in possession of gun, with
seven years added to sentence.

November, 1980
LPDC lawyers obtain 12,000 pages of declassified FBI documents, with
additional 6,000 pages withheld because of "national security."

March, 1981
Robert Redford visits Peltier at Marion.

March 10, 1981
Peltier "escape conviction" on appeal to 9th Circuit Court. Three-judge
panel reverses escape conviction, advises lower court to allow
assassination plot evidence regarding Charles Richards.

April 11, 1982
Defense files writ of habeas corpus in U.S. District Court, Fargo, ND
indicating suppression of exonerating evidence in 1977 trial, as well as
conscious use of perjured witnesses.

Dec. 30, 1982
Benson refuses release of 6,000 pages of FBI files on Peltier.

Dec. 31, 1982
Benson denies Peltier new trial.

1983
Peter Matthiessen's In the Spirit of Crazy Horse and Jim Messerschmidt's
The Trial of Leonard Peltier are published.

Oct. 1-3, 1984
Judge Benson denies request for retrial.

June, 1985
Peltier transferred to Leavenworth Prison in Kansas.

Oct. 15, 1985
Prosecutor Lynn Crooks allows during oral argument before 8th Circuit
Court of Appeals, "We don't know who killed those agents."

Oct. 11, 1986
Circuit Court finds Benson erred in 1977 rulings, witnesses has been
coerced, evidence fabricated, favorable evidence suppressed. But appeal
denied.

June, 1987
Soviet eye specialists visit him at Leavenworth.

Spring, 1990
Libyan government bestows human rights award to AIM POW Peltier.

June, 1989
U.S. government admits before Canadian court that Poor Bear extradition
documents of 1976 were fraudulent.

Dec. 3, 1990
Defense files writ of habeas corpus calling for immediate release of
Peltier by reason of violations of due process.

April 18, 1991
Appeals court Judge Heaney in letter to Inouye supports leniency.

Sept. 22, 1991
CBS's "60 Minutes" broadcasts segment on Peltier case.

Oct. 2, 1991
Peltier attorneys in Bismarck, ND hearing appeal for new trial, arguing
prosecutors changed theory of case.

Dec. 30, 1991
Judge Benson denies retrial on Federal Magistrate Karen Klein's
recommendation.

July 5, 1992
Leavenworth riot, Peltier later charged as "active participant," then
cleared.

Autumn, 1992
Peltier authorizes publication of Bradley diatribe against Ward
Churchill in LPDC newsletter.

Nov. 9, 1992
Attorney Ramsey Clark files another appeal for retrial in St. Paul, MN.
First Clark entry into case.

Spring, 1993
Peltier principal figure in Robert Redford's film "Incident at Oglala."

July 7, 1993
8th Circuit Court denies appeal.

Nov. 22, 1993
Subject of Clinton presidential clemency petition.

December, 1993
U.S. Parole Commission denies Peltier petition; he must serve 15 more
years before reconsideration.

December, 1994
Leonard Peltier Freedom Campaign opens office in Washington D.C. Ron
Lessard is director of office.

January, 1995
European Parliament supports clemency.

April 18, 1995
Lessard affidavit re: Appeal Courts' understanding of Norman Brown's
1977 trial testimony.

May 12, 1995
Kunstler files "motion to open appeal hearing or for appropriate relief"
in 8th Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis.

September, 1995
Defense discovers new FBI radio communications of June 26, 1975
indicating FBI agents in area 20 minutes before earlier accepted time
of shootout. Defense initiates new FOIA request.

Dec. 11, 1995
Second parole hearing in which Peltier commended for good behavior, work
for Indian people. Decision upcoming.

December, 1995
Transferred to U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield,
MO.

March 21, 1996
Parole request rejected by U.S. Parole Commission.

Autumn, 1996
Dennis Banks announces "Bring Peltier Home" campaign for rest of 1996
and Spring 1997.

Spring, 1997
Jane Ayre's Hearts of Charity published in spring.

April, 1997
Worldwide Organizers' Clemency Conference in Tulsa Creek Community,
Tulsa, Oklahoma announced for June 19-22.

Sources:
Private news files, FBI documents, NFIC documents, Wexler 1982,
Messerschmidt 1983, Matthiessen 1983, LPFC 1996.