NUCLEAR REACTORS : MICHIGAN
Michigan is home to six nuclear power plants:
Fermi (1 & 2 ) Nuclear Power Plant, Newport
(Fermi 1 closed in 1972 dues to unstable reactor core)
Big Rock Nuclear Power Plant, Charlevoix
(closed summer 1997)
Pallisades Nuclear Power Plant, South Haven
Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant (1 & 2 ),
Bridgman
(closed September 1997)
Timeline
Fermi 2 is located on the shore of Lake Erie, 35 miles south
of Detroit, Michigan. The Fermi nuclear power plant was named
for Enrico Fermi, the first physicist to split the atom. His research pioneered
nuclear power generation.
Fermi 2 operates on uranium oxide-enriched U-235 fuel. Fuel consumption
is about one ton of uranium annually.
Both towers are very visible southbound on I-75 from I-275, as well
as from the Sterling State Park off exit 15 (of I-75).
The online information provided by Detroit
Edison at a Uof M website does not agree with the information
provided by those interviewed to work at the plant. The background
information given to proposed employees terms the steam released by the
plant as "slightly radioactive" as opposed to the information
provided to the public online.
Facility
Stats Provided by the NRC
Detroit Edison Co. shut its Fermi 2 nuclear power plant after an inspection found a backup cooling-water system might not work during a severe accident.
The problem could have affected plant safety systems, said Tony Vegel,
a federal inspector, although Edison officials said there was no threat
to
employees or the public. Nitrogen leaked from water tanks used for
cooling emergency equipment during an accident, spokesman Lewis Layton
said after Wednesday's shutdown.
The utility plans to keep the plant south of Detroit idle about 10
days.
NEWS
Fermi 2 Down to Fix Fuel Rod Leaks.
LCG, Oct. 3, 1997--Detroit Edison Co. idled its Fermi 2 nuclear
power plant today to repair a fuel rod with two pinhole leaks that were
discovered by plant operators last month. Company spokesman Scott
Simmons ...
Date: 3 Oct 1997, Size 1.2K,
Michigan News
briefs
Detroit Edison's Fermi II nuclear power plant remained shut down
Sunday as work continued on a leaky containment center valve. The plant
was closed Friday when the leak was discovered by a monitor. Date: 26 Nov
1998
| PALISADES
Location: South Haven, Michigan
Utility: Consumers Power Company
|
The Palisades nuclear plant is located on the eastern shore of Lake
Michigan. Palisades supplies 15 percent of the electrical power that Consumers
Power provides to 3.5 million residential and business customers in southwestern
Michigan.
| DONALD C. COOK 1 & 2 Location:
Bridgman,Michigan
Utility: Indiana/Michigan Power Company
|
The Donald C. Cook power plant is located eleven miles south of Benton
Harbor, Michigan. CLOSED
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Reactor Supplier: Westinghouse
Corporation
Capacity: 1060 net MWe
Reactor Type: Pressurized
water reactor
Date of Operation: October
1977
License Expiration date:
12/23/2017
Electricity Produced in 1998:
0.0 billion kWh
1998 Average Capacity Factor:
0.0%
| Big Rock Point
Location: Charlevoix, Michigan
Utility: Consumers Power Company
|
Anatomy of power
Nuclear power is made when atoms within uranium pellets are
split, releasing heat.
That heat is used to boil water, build steam and crank
turbines, which generate electricity. The process also creates powerful
wastes that can kill, cause cancer and severely damage human genes.
With the exception of Fermi I, all of Michigan's
plants are forced to store waste in what limited safe space they can find.
A 1998 federal deadline to create a single dump to collect the nation's
high-level waste has now come and gone.
U.S. Department of Energy scientists say
it will be another decade before the dump planned for a barren spot called
Yucca Mountain, Nev., is ready to accept waste, if at all.
To make matters cloudier, the same scientists
still aren't sure if Yucca Mountain's geology and water aquifer are stable
enough to hold waste underground without leaks or mishaps. The mountain
sits just 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas.
"The biggest obstacle
we face as an industry has to do with our failure to find a place to deposit
our high-level radioactive waste," said Leigh Ann Marshall of the Nuclear
Energy Institute, a lobbying group based in Washington, D.C., that is funded
by utilities.
In 1998 alone, the Nevada project
will cost $296 million -- money raised from special surcharges on rate
payers nationwide.
Yet before Yucca Mountain is complete, it will
have cost a staggering $18 billion, according to federal estimates. A report
on the dump's progress is due before Congress later this year. The project
may still be scrapped.
At Big Rock, lack of space for spent uranium
fuel rods proved to be a major factor in the decision to shut down the
reactor last August.
Big Rock's decommissioning is being studied
by other utilities because it was the nation's longest-running commercial
reactor. Opened in 1962, it was also Michigan's first.
"It's no secret that we'd like to ship
all of Big Rock's waste to Nevada as soon as possible," said Petrosky,
of Consumers Energy. "But when will that be?"
Three options
While U.S. Department of Energy officials ponder the question, utilities
hoping to close reactors can choose one of three paths.
They can dismantle and bury the reactors; lock their
doors for 50 years or more to allow some radioactive dangers to pass; or
encase reactors in concrete to wait for better solutions in the far
future.
All three methods assume nuclear
fuel stays at the reactor. Old fuel rods are usually kept in deep
pools of water -- not unlike swimming pools -- right beside the reactor.
The water blocks radioactivity and keeps rods from overheating.
A second and controversial way of
storing waste-- called dry casking -- involves shifting fuel rods from
pools to cylinders made of steel and concrete.
The two-story casks sit like chess
pieces on paved outdoor pads, where they await a better storage solution.
...............
In Michigan, Pallisades
is already using dry casks as a way to extend cramped storage in
pools -- and therefore to prolong their reactor's operations.
By next year, plant operators
will add five more casks to the 13 casks already sitting within a long
stone's throw of Lake Michigan. In 1994, one cask was found to have defective
seams, but utility officials say it poses no danger.
Although closed, Big Rock intends
to do the same thing with its waste to allow its reactor to be demolished
and shipped away.
Critics charge that outdoor
casks are vulnerable to cracking and even to sabotage. They say utilities
are using casks as a cheap and unsafe way to milk profits from outdated
reactors.
"There are too many incentives
for utilities to cut corners here -- the casks crack," said Paul Gunter
of the Nuclear Information Resource
Service, a national watchdog group critical of the nuclear industry.
....................
"In the long term --
measured in thousands of years -- casks probably do have problems," said
Rodney Ewing, a University of Michigan radioactive waste expert.
"We realize they can't stay
outside forever. The communities next to them don't like it, but right
now casks are among the only solutions we have."
Dismantling starts
...............
Big Rock's waste still sits in the plant's
fuel pool, behind dozens of steel doors and protected by shifts of
armed guards. The plant's removal will take seven years and at least
$260 million, but the waste itself will stay there in dry casks until 2012.
Most of the surrounding building
will be trucked on hundreds of miles of public roads to a special landfill
in South Carolina and buried.
...............
Although few could argue that
Big Rock operated efficiently and within federal safety guidelines,
the plant's closure may signal the rapid
decline of an entire industry.
Anticipating that decline, the federal
Nuclear Regulatory Commission streamlined its rules for decommissioning
just two years ago. In Colorado, Maine, Michigan and other states,
11 reactors have
closed their doors in the past 10 years. ........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Don't
Waste Michigan
P.O. Box 445
Petoskey, MI 49770-0445
(excerpt)
We have received the first version of the plan.
While we have looked it over and have our concerns, we thought it
prudent to have it reviewed by a qualified agent other than the NRC. To
this end we have secured the assistance of Radioactive
Waste Management Associates (RWMA) located in New York City.
RWMA is an "independent consulting firm established in 1989 to assist
state and local governments and citizen organizations in dealing with waste
management issues". RWMA is a team of scientists, economists, and engineers.
Some of the groups RWMA has advised include: Lake Michigan Federation (dry
cask storage issues at Palisades), Greenpeace (health effects of fire on
plutonium ship), and Citizen Awareness
Network (decommissioning of Yankee-Rowe). The primary person we are
in contact with is Dr. Marvin Resnikoff who received his Ph.D. is in physics
from the University of Michigan in 1965. After several research and teaching
assignments he began working exclusively on radioactive waste issues in
1974. Since then he has worked on many projects producing many reports,
including two books entitled Living Without Landfills and Deadly Defense.
More extensive information is available upon request.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Michigan
Plant Exceeds Discharge Limit
CHARLEVOIX, Michigan, March 16, 1998 (ENS) - An emergency
was declared Sunday by the Big Rock Point nuclear power plant when instruments
detected the release into Lake Michigan of double the amount of radioactive
material permitted.
Cobalt-60 and manganese-54 were the materials
released from the condensers of the plant into the lake.
The Big Rock Point plant is on the western
extremity of southern shore of the Little Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan.
The site is 228 miles north northwest of Detroit and 262 miles north northeast
of Chicago in a sparsely populated wooded area.
The plant is in the process
of being decommissioned. Licensed through the year 2000, the plant's licensed
operator, Consumers Energy
Company, made the decision to close the plant for economic
reasons. On August 29, 1997, the reactor was permanently shut down, ending
35 years of electric power generation as the nation's oldest and
longest running nuclear plant.
........................
Consumers Energy Company scientists
have concluded that "the source of the activity
was from sediments in Lake Michigan containing radioactive material
from previous discharges."